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1.
Rev. Soc. Esp. Dolor ; 16(7): 410-414, oct. 2009.
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-74734

RESUMO

La medicina basada en la evidencia no ha podido demostrar todavía las ventajas del tratamiento quirúrgico sobre el conservador en este tipo de pacientes, que presentan lumbalgia y ciática crónica de origen de generativo. Los conflictos de intereses, personales, profesional eso económicos, están planeando continuamente en la patología motivo de nuestro estudio. La reputación de algunos médicos es un valor añadido que algunas compañías desean tener y relacionarla con sus productos. La formación médica continuada es otro aspecto donde los conflictos de intereses pueden estar involucrados, ya que por cada dólar invertido se obtienen beneficios que casi cuadruplican la inversión. Los pacientes, generalmente dejan la decisión sobre la cirugía y la técnica a emplear en manos de sus médicos, sobrestimando los resultados que se obtendrán. Se ha detectado una importante variabilidad en la práctica médica en este tipo de operaciones, entre países similares y entre regiones dentro del mismo país. Los pacientes mayores de 65 años, en ocasiones, asumen muchos riesgos quirúrgicos, bien por el tipo de operación que se les propone, sin emplear las nuevas tecnologías de la cirugía mínimamente invasiva, y sin utilizar adecuadamente el potencial de las técnicas intervencionistas antiálgicas. De la misma forma, asumen un riesgo elevado de complicaciones derivadas del uso de los opiáceos a largo plazo en caso de no ser operados. Los conflictos medico legales y bioéticos están aflorando cada vez con mayor insistencia en los medios de comunicación y en las revistas especializadas que cuentan con acceso libre en internet. Habrá que prepararse para una avalancha de demandas judiciales que caerá sobre el sistema sanitario en el que trabajamos todos con diferentes grados de implicación. Las instituciones para las que trabajamos y nuestros seguros privados, subsidiariamente, tendrán que hacer frente a todas estas demandas...(AU)


Evidence-based medicine has still not been able to demonstrate the advantages of surgical treatment over medical therapy in patients with chronic degenerative lumbar and sciatic pain. Personal, professional and economic conflicts are involved in this disorder, and are the subject of the present article. The reputation of certain physicians is seen as a desirable asset by some companies that would like to associate it with their products. Continuing medical training is another area that can involve conflicts of interest, since every dollar invested returns a benefit of almost four-fold. Patients generally leave decisions on surgery and the technique to be used in the hands of their physicians, overestimating the results that will be obtained. Wide variability in medical practice in fusion surgery has been detected among similar countries and among regions within the same country. Patients older than 65 years can sometimes accept high surgical risk, either because of the type of intervention proposed, without using the new technologies of minimally-invasive surgery and without taking full advantage of interventionist antialgic techniques. Likewise, patients also accept a high risk of complications resulting from the long-term use of opioids when surgery is not performed. Medico-legal and bioethical conflicts are proliferating both in the media and in specialized journals with free online access. An avalanche of lawsuits can be expected against the health service that employs us. These lawsuits will affect not only physicians but also the institutions where we work and, subsidiarily, our private insurance policies. Fraudulent marketing in the field of pain is generating multimillion fines. The results of this type of surgery in terms of occupational recovery are highly discouraging. Very few patients recover minimal capacity to work or report a high level of physical functioning after the intervention...(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Manipulação da Coluna/ética , Dor Lombar/cirurgia , Doenças da Coluna Vertebral/cirurgia , Pesquisa Biomédica/tendências , Temas Bioéticos
4.
Rev. Soc. Esp. Dolor ; 16(1): 46-56, ene.-feb. 2009. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-73808

RESUMO

La literatura especializada está enviando señales de alarma que se extienden por diferentes organizaciones relacionadas con el estudio y tratamiento del dolor no oncológico y, concretamente, con el manejo farmacológico a largo plazo del dolor de origen lumbar. En este artículo de opinión se intenta llamar la atención acerca de los problemas derivados del uso de los opiáceos potentes a largo plazo para controlar el dolor persistente por enfermedad degenerativa lumbar así como estudiar las relaciones entre la medicación opiácea y la cirugía en este tipo de patología. Las unidades encargadas de realizar este tipo de cirugía en el paciente mayor, por ahora, parece que, en general, no han aceptado o no son muy proclives a la utilización de las técnicas mínimamente invasivas para la cirugía de la columna, obligando a muchos pacientes mayores a someterse a tratamientos prolongados con opiáceos potentes. Publicaciones recientes nos alertan del riesgo de adicción de un tratamiento prolongado con opiáceos, el cual oscila entre el 5-24%. Hay un claro riesgo para los pacientes, para la sociedad en general y para los médicos. Las visitas a los servicios de urgencia relacionadas con el uso del fentanilo han aumentado 50 veces entre los años 1994 y 2002. Se han detectado fallos en los profesionales sanitarios para mantenerse al día en el conocimiento y en el desarrollo de las habilidades precisas para ofrecer buenos tratamientos a sus pacientes (culpabilidad de la ignorancia). Los opiáceos pueden activar mecanismos neurofisiológicos pronociceptivos creando una situación de aumento de sensibilidad al dolor, que ha pasado a denominarse hiperalgesia inducida por opiáceos (HIO). Es muy probable que la disminución en la eficacia analgésica a largo plazo se deba a un fenómeno de HIO. Entre el 18 y el 41% de los pacientes puede estar cayendo en abuso de estos medicamentos. Se ha detectado un incremento del 91,2% en las muertes asociadas con intoxicación con opiáceos entre los años 1999-2002 en Estados Unidos. Debería estudiarse en profundidad la relación entre los cambios plásticos de las estructuras cerebrales y los mecanismos neurofisiológicos y neuroquímicos de la transmisión nocipceptiva con relación al uso crónico de opiáceos. Se habla ya de que “la medicina está volando a ciegas” en la prescripción de opiáceos para el manejo a largo plazo del dolor lumbar de origen osteomuscular. En el campo de la instrumentación quirúrgica, como en el mercado de medicamentos analgésicos, se ha introducido la desconfianza en los resultados publicados. Hay suficientes razones científicas básicas y clínicas que cuestionan profundamente el empleo a largo plazo de los opiáceos potentes para el control del dolor lumbar no oncológico. La formulación de protocolos y guías clínicas compartidas por profesionales de asistencia primaria y asistencia especializada (gestión por procesos), permitiría alcanzar un mejor manejo y control de este tipo de dolor (...) (AU)


The specialist literature is sending out alarm signals spread by different organizations related to the study and treatment of non-cancer pain and, specifically, the long-term pharmacological management of low back pain. The present article aims to draw attention to the problems resulting from the long-term use of potent opiates to control persistent pain due to degenerative lumbar disease, as well as to study the relationship between opiate medication and surgery in this type of disorder. To date, the units responsible for performing this type of surgery in the elderly generally seem not to accept, or to be reluctant to use, minimally-invasive techniques for spinal surgery, thus obliging many patients to undergo protracted treatment with potent opiates. Recent publications have alerted us to the risk of addiction resulting from prolonged opiate treatment, the frequency of addiction varying between 5 and 24%. Clearly, there is a risk to patients, society in general and physicians. Visits to the hospital emergency departments due to fentanyl abuse increased 50-fold between 1994 and 2002. Not all healthcare professionals keep their knowledge up-to-date and develop the skills required to provide effective treatment (guilty of ignorance). Opiates can activate neurophysiological pronociceptor mechanisms, creating a situation of increased pain sensitivity, which has been described as opiate-induced hypersensitivity (OIH). The long term decrease in analgesic efficacy is most probably related to OIH; between 18% and 41% of patients may abuse these medications. Between 1999 and 2002, the number of deaths associated with opiate intoxication increased by 91.2% in the USA. There is a need for more in-depth studies on the relationship between cerebral structural changes and the neuro-physiological / neuro-chemical mechanisms of nociceptor transmission in relation to chronic opiate use. There is talk of “medicine flying blind” in the prescription of opiates for the long-term management of lumbar pain of musculoskeletal origin. Recently, in the field of surgical instrumentation, as well as in the market of analgesic medication, there has been a certain distrust of the results of published studies. There are sufficient scientific reasons, both basic and clinical, to seriously question the long-term use of potent opiates for the control of non-cancer low back pain. The guidelines and protocols developed by primary and specialist care professionals (management by processes) encourages better management and control of this type of pain. There is no need to continue with the current situation of opting out of spinal surgery in the old or very old merely because of age and of introducing the patient to an environment of morphine-on-demand. Purely economic reasons are inadmissible and the clinical reasons are unappealing (AU)


Assuntos
Dor Lombar/tratamento farmacológico , Peptídeos Opioides , Alcaloides Opiáceos/uso terapêutico , Ciática/tratamento farmacológico , Neuropatia Ciática/tratamento farmacológico , Hiperalgesia/terapia , Morfina/uso terapêutico , Dependência de Morfina , Doenças da Coluna Vertebral/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças da Coluna Vertebral/cirurgia
5.
Neurocirugia (Astur) ; 19(2): 143-55, 2008 Apr.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18500413

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: Surgical neuromodulation refers to all those techniques that use implantable devices that discharge electricity or chemical substances that modify nerve signal transmission in order to achieve inhibition, excitation or modulation of the activity of neuronal groups and networks, and to achieve a therapeutic effect. Neuromodulation encompasses different scientific aspects and technologies which need to be defined. MATERIAL AND METHOD: From the surgical point of view, neuromodulation is defined as: those intervention techniques that alter the transmission of neuronal signals using implantable electrical or chemical devices with the objective of stimulating, inhibiting or modulating the activity of neurones or neuronal networks to achieve therapeutic effects. A clinical definition makes reference to the use of reversible electrical or chemical stimulation of the nervous system to manipulate its activity in order to treat some specific types of chronic pain and conditions such as spasticity, epilepsy, cardiac ischemia, alterations in the motility of the intestine and of the bladder, lesions of the nervous system, and alterations in mobility, visual, auditory or psychiatric status. Neurosurgeons have been well trained to perform a great number of surgical techniques of neuromodulation, even including helping to significantly increase biomedical activities and the application of high technology to the central and peripheral nervous system. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical neuromodulation encourages the neurosurgeon to go also away from the classical techniques of surgical resection and neuroablative procedures, and to enter into the new field of neuroengineering to re-establish lost neurological functions. The inter-relationship between the brain and the computer (brain-machine interface) has already occurred and has been applied in the field of neuroprosthetics and deep brain stimulation. For neurosurgery in general and for Spain in particular, this represents a new opportunity to embark on a high technology path that would involve years of research but, applying these new, non-invasive surgical techniques would help resolve the neurological problems of many of our patients.


Assuntos
Neurocirurgia/tendências , Procedimentos Neurocirúrgicos/métodos , Humanos , Implantação de Prótese
6.
Neurocir. - Soc. Luso-Esp. Neurocir ; 19(2): 143-155, mar.-abr. 2008. tab
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-67975

RESUMO

Objetivos. La neuromodulación quirúrgica se refiere al estudio de todas aquellas técnicas quirúrgicas que utilizan equipos implantables que liberan electricidad o sustancias químicas con la finalidad de modificar la transmisión de las señales nerviosas para conseguir inhibir, excitar o modular la actividad de grupos y redes neuronales y obtener un efecto terapéutico. La neuromodulación engloba diferentes aspectos científicos y tecnológicos por lo que puede definirse desde distintas ópticas. Material y método. Desde el punto de vista de los aspectos quirúrgicos, la neuromodulación quirúrgica se define como: aquellas técnicas intervencionistas que alteran la transmisión de las señales neuronales mediante equipos implantables tanto eléctricos como químicos, con la finalidad de excitar, inhibir o modularla actividad de neuronas o redes neuronales para conseguir efectos terapéuticos. Una definición clínica es la que hace referencia a la utilización de forma reversible de la estimulación eléctrica o química aplicada al sistema nervioso para manipular su actividad con la finalidad de tratar algunos tipos específicos de dolor crónico, espasticidad, epilepsia, isquemia cardiaca, alteraciones de la motilidad del intestino y de la vejiga, lesiones del sistema nervioso y alteraciones del movimiento, visuales, auditivas o psiquiátricas Los neurocirujanos estamos actualmente perfectamente entrenados para la realización de un gran número de técnicas quirúrgicas de neuromodulación, justo cuando asistimos a un incremento muy significativo de las actividades biomédicas y de alta tecnología aplicadas al sistema nervioso central y periférico. Conclusiones. La neuromodulación quirúrgica implica para los neurocirujanos entrar en una nueva neurocirugía, más allá de las clásicas técnicas de resección quirúrgica y de los procedimientos neuroablativos, para entrar en el campo de la neuroingeniería y el restablecimiento de las funciones neurológicas perdidas. Las posibles interrelaciones entre el cerebro y un computador (conexión cerebro-máquina) ya es un hecho y ha sido utilizado en el campo de las neuroprótesis y la estimulación cerebral profunda. A la neurocirugía en general y a la española en concreto, se le presenta una oportunidad nueva de embarcarse en una travesía altamente tecnificada que nos llevará en pocos años a descubrir y aplicar nuevas formas de resolver los problemas neurológicos de muchos de nuestros pacientes gracias al empleo de las nuevas tecnologías quirúrgicas no lesivas


Objectives. Surgical neuromodulation refers to all those techniques that use implantable devices that discharge electricity or chemical substances that modify nerve signal transmission in order to achieve inhibition, excitation or modulation of the activity of neuronalgroups and networks, and to achieve a therapeutic effect. Neuromodulation encompasses different scientific aspects and technologies which need to be defined Material and method. From the surgical point of view, neuromodulation is defmed as: those intervention techniques that alter the transmission of neuronal signals using implantable electrical or chemical devices with the objective of stimulating, inhibiting or modulating the activity of neurones or neuronal networks to achieve therapeutic effects. A clinical definition makes reference to the use of reversible electrical or chemical stimulation of the nervous system to manipulate its activity in order to treat some specific types of chronic pain and conditions such as spasticity, epilepsy, cardiac ischemia, alterations in the motility of the intestine and of the bladder, lesions of the nervous system, and alterations in mobility, visual, auditory or psychiatric status


Assuntos
Humanos , Neurotransmissores/administração & dosagem , Estimulação Elétrica/métodos , Procedimentos Neurocirúrgicos/métodos , Bombas de Infusão Implantáveis , Cirurgia Assistida por Computador/métodos
7.
Neurocirugia (Astur) ; 19(1): 35-44, 2008 Feb.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18335153

RESUMO

The application of neuro-modulation techniques in general is currently gaining acceptance in various aspects of medicine. Neuro-modulation is defined as: "Therapeutical interventions using implantable devices to modify the functioning of central, peripheral and autonomic nervous systems". Following lumbar disc surgery, or lumbar spine surgery in general, several chronic pain syndromes can result, either in the lumbar region and/or in the lower limbs. The current status is for the application of surgery to the degenerative spine (degenerative disc disease and lumbar stenosis) for the relief of chronic pain. A review of the methodology of evidence based medicine, show that the instrumented and fusion techniques are not the answered despite 20 years of the use of these techniques following failure of surgery for the relief of back pain syndrome. Neuro-modulation techniques represent a step in the right direction for the management of these chronic pain syndromes. Frequently they enable the resolution of chronic pain following spine surgery without having to resort to repeat surgery. We describe here the different neuro-modulation techniques (spinal cord stimulation, spinal drug infusions) which can be used in the case of back surgery failure, and we describe technical aspects and "tricks of the trade" for the correct implantation of the devices used in techniques. Neuro-modulation techniques are applied to the management of chronic pain following disc surgery and represent a valid alternative to repeat surgery and/or arthrodesis (instrumented or not). Neurosurgeons are again called to play active roles in the field of neuro-modulation for the treatment.


Assuntos
Terapia por Estimulação Elétrica , Laminectomia/efeitos adversos , Dor Lombar/terapia , Região Lombossacral/cirurgia , Medicina Baseada em Evidências , Humanos , Região Lombossacral/fisiopatologia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias , Próteses e Implantes , Literatura de Revisão como Assunto , Síndrome
8.
Neurocir. - Soc. Luso-Esp. Neurocir ; 19(1): 35-44, ene.-feb. 2008. ilus, tab
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-67965

RESUMO

La aplicación de las técnicas de neuromodulación avanza rápidamente en los distintos aspectos de la medicina actual. La neuromodulación se define como: “la realización de intervenciones terapéuticas mediante aparatos implantables para modificar la función del sistema nervioso central, periférico o autonómico”. Tras la cirugía discal y vertebral en general, se pueden generar síndromes dolorosos persistentes tanto a nivel axial como distal en las extremidades inferiores. La situación actual de la cirugía de la columna vertebral degenerativa en relación al alivio del dolor lumbar crónico, por enfermedad degenerativa discal y estenosis de canal, empleando los métodos de la medicina basada en la evidencia, concluyen, que la vía instrumentista y fijadora no es precisamente la ideal después de 20años de utilización de las mismas. Las técnicas de neuromodulación representan un escalón superior en el algoritmo de manejo de estos síndromes dolorosos, ya que permiten con mayor frecuencia solventar muchos casos de dolor persistente tras la cirugía sin la necesidad de realizar otra nueva cirugía. Se describen las técnicas de neuromodulación (estimulación medular e infusión espinal de medicamentos) aplicables al síndrome postlaminectomía lumbar y se detallan los aspectos técnicos para la realización de las mismas. Las técnicas de neuromodulación aplicadas al manejo del dolor postcirugía discal representan una alternativa válida en comparación con la nueva cirugía o la artrodesis. Los neurocirujanos estamos llamados de nuevo a participar activamente en el campo de la neuromodulación para el alivio del dolor crónico, el de los movimientos anormales, la psicocirugía y el restablecimiento de las funciones neurológicas perdidas


The application of neuro-modulation techniques in general is currently gaining acceptance in various aspects of medicine. Neuro-modulation is defined as: “Terapeutical interventions using implantable devices to modify the functioning of central, peripheral and and autonomic nervosus sysmtems”. Following lumbar discsurgery, or lumbar spine surgery in general, several chronic pain syndromes can result, either in the lumbar region and/or in the lower limbs. The current status is for the application of surgery to the degenerative spine(degenerative disc disease and lumbar stenosis) for the relief of chronic pain. A review of the methodology of evidence based medicine, show that the instrumented and fusion techniques are not the answerd despite 20years of the use of these techniques following failure of surgery for the relief of back pain syndrome. Neuromodulation techniques represent a step in the right direction for the management of these chronic painsyndromes. Frecuently they enable the resolution of chronic pain following spine surgery without having to resort to repeat surgery. We describe here the different neuro-modulation techniques (spinal cord stimulation, spinal drug infusions) which can be used in the case of back surgery failure, and we describe technical aspects and “tricks of the trade” for the correct implantation of the devices used in techniques. Neuro-modulation techniques are applied to the management of chronic pain following disc surgery and represent a valid alternative to repeat surgery and/or arthrodesis (instrumented or not). Neurosurgeons are again called to play active roles in the field of neuro-modulation for the treatment of pain as well as in the field of neuro-modulation of abnormal movements disorders, for psychosurgery and the revovery of neurological functions


Assuntos
Humanos , Laminectomia/efeitos adversos , Dor Pós-Operatória/terapia , Neurotransmissores/uso terapêutico , Estimulação Elétrica/métodos , Medula Espinal , Eletrodos Implantados , Bombas de Infusão
9.
Neurocirugia (Astur) ; 18(6): 468-77, 2007 Dec.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18094905

RESUMO

Chronic low back pain and ciatica after surgery is one of the main reasons for referring patients to multidisciplinary pain units (MPU). The future expansions of MPU have promted neurosurgeons in Spain to re-enter the field of chronic pain management and to recover their enthusiam, that have been lost severel years ago for various reasons. We do not intend dealing with the new instrumented surgical options for the post-laminectoy pain, but rather into the indications and descriptions of the interventional techniques for lumbar and sciatic pain managemet. Currently there are a great number of percutaneous techniques to achieve pain control in the post-laminectomy syndrome. Traditional neuroablative techniques at the spinal cord or the cerebral levels are not any longer indicated. Nonetheless, lumbar sympathectomy and thermo-neurolisis either with chilling or heating, are back in favour, due to the development of new devices and applications. Neuromodulation techniques which are also applicable to this pathology will be the subjet of another article. Pulsed radio-frecuency apperars to favour the safe application of electricity to the dorsal root ganglion or to the root itself thus avoiding the fear of permanent root and/or ganglion thermal lesions that frecuently occurred with the older techniques. Several strategies for pain relief are described, step by step and real figures are depicted in order to make the procedures more understandable and for the easier transmission of knowledge.


Assuntos
Laminectomia , Dor Lombar/etiologia , Dor Lombar/terapia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias , Ciática/etiologia , Ciática/terapia , Doença Crônica , Humanos , Medição da Dor , Reoperação , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Simpatectomia , Síndrome
10.
Neurocir. - Soc. Luso-Esp. Neurocir ; 18(6): 468-477, nov.-dic. 2007. ilus
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-70336

RESUMO

La lumbalgia y la ciática postquirúrgicas representan unos síntomas por los que un elevado número de pacientes son remitidos a las Unidades del Dolor (UDO) en busca de soluciones a sus problemas. La futuras posibilidades de expansión de las Unidades Multidisciplinarias del Dolor (UMD) hacen que los neurocirujanos volvamos a recuperar el protagonismo perdido en los últimos años, por lo que es preciso exponer cuales son las técnicas que desde nuestra especialidad podemos aportar a las nuevas UMD. No se entra en los aspectos quirúrgicos del síndrome postlaminectomía lumbar, que ocasionalmente los tiene, sino en la descripción de las técnicas percutáneas intervencionistas. La utilización escalonada de los bloqueos vertebrales con control radiológico junto a las técnicas de radiofrecuencia, permiten abrir un gran abanico de posibilidades para el control de este tipo de dolor. Las técnicas de neuromodulación aplicables al manejo del dolor crónico, serán tratadas en otro artículo. Las técnicas neuroablativas a nivel medular y/o cerebral ya no tienen aplicación en esta patología. No obstante, la simpatectomía lumbar y la termoneurolisis, vuelven a cobrar importancia en el manejo del dolor crónico lumbociático postquirúrgico. Se describen los distintos algoritmos de manejo del dolor según la estructura afectada. El empleo de la radiofrecuencia pulsada permite abordar con seguridad el ganglio de la raíz dorsal e incluso el propio nervio raquídeo, disminuyendo las eventuales complicaciones de las antiguas técnicas de radiofrecuencia. Se describen en detalle los aspectos fundamentales para la realización de las diferentes técnicas intervencionistas, aportando imágenes reales, lo que permitirá asimilar más fácilmente el conocimiento que quiere transmitirse


Chronic low back pain and ciatica after surgery is one of the main reasons for referring patients to multidisciplinary pain units (MPU). The future expansions of MPU have promted neurosurgeons in Spain to re-enter the field of chronic pain management and to recover their enthusiam, that have been lost severel years ago for various reasons. We do not intend dealing with the new instrumented surgical options for the post-laminec to y pain, but rather into the indications and descriptions of the interventional techniques for lumbar and sciatic pain managemet. Currently there are a great number of percutaneous techniques to achieve paincontrol in the post-laminectomy syndrome. Traditional neuroablative techniques at the spinal cord or the cerebral levels are not any longer indicated. Nonetheless, lumbar sympathectomy and thermo-neurolisis either with chilling or heating, are back in favour, due to the development of new devices and applications. Neuromodulation techniques which are also applicable to this pathology will be the subjet of another article. Pulsedradio-frecuency apperars to favour the safe application of electricity to the dorsal root ganglion or to the root itself thus avoiding the fear of permanent root and/or ganglion thermal lesions that frecuently occurred with the older techniques. Several strategies for pain reliefare described, step by step and real figures are depicted in order to make the procedures more understand able and for the easier transmission of knowledge


Assuntos
Humanos , Dor Lombar/etiologia , Dor Lombar/terapia , Ciática/terapia , Ciática/etiologia , Laminectomia , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Complicações Pós-Operatórias , Doença Crônica , Simpatectomia , Síndrome , Reoperação , Medição da Dor
11.
Neurocirugia (Astur) ; 18(5): 406-13, 2007 Oct.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18008014

RESUMO

Investigation and development of new techniques for intrumented surgery of the spine is not free of conflicts of interest. The influence of financial forces in the development of new technologies an its immediately application to spine surgery, shows the relationship between the published results and the industry support. Even authors who have defend eagerly fusion techniques, it have been demonstrated that them are very much involved in the revision of new articles to be published and in the approval process of new spinal technologies. When we analyze the published results of spine surgery, we must bear in mind what have been call in the "American Stock and Exchange" as "the bubble of spine surgery". The scientific literature doesn't show clear evidence in the cost-benefit studies of most instrumented surgical interventions of the spine compare with the conservative treatments. It has not been yet demonstrated that fusion surgery and disc replacement are better options than the conservative treatment. It's necessary to point out that at present "there are relationships between the industry and back pain, and there is also an industry of the back pain". Nonetheless, the "market of the spine surgery" is growing up because patients are demanding solutions for their back problems. The tide of scientific evidence seams to go against the spinal fusions in the degenerative disc disease, discogenic pain and inespecific back pain. After decades of advances in this field, the results of spinal fusions are mediocre. New epidemiological studies show that "spinal fusion must be accepted as a non proved or experimental method for the treatment of back pain". The surgical literature on spinal fusion published in the last 20 years following the Cochrane's method establish that: 1- this is at least incomplete, not reliable and careless; 2- the instrumentation seems to slightly increase the fusion rate; 3- the instrumentation doesn't improve the clinical results in general, lacking studies in subgroups of patients. We still are needing randomized studies to compare the surgical results with the natural history of the disease, the placebo effect, or the conservative treatment. The European Guidelines for lumbar chronic pain management show a "strong evidence" indicating that complex and demanding spine surgery where different instrumentation is used, is not more effective than a simple, safer and cheaper posterolateral fusion without instrumentation. Recently, the literature published in this field is sending a message to use "minimally invasive techniques", abandon transpedicular fusions and clearly indicating that we must apply the knowledge accumulated at least along the last 20 years based on the scientific evidence. In conclusion, based in recent information, we must recommend the "abandon of the instrumented pathway" in a great number of present indications for degenerative spine surgery, and look for new strategies in the field of rehabilitation and conservative treatments correctly apply, using before the decompressive and instrumented surgery all the interventional and minimally invasive techniques that are presently offer in the field of modem lumbar chronic pain treatment.


Assuntos
Fixadores Internos , Dor Lombar/cirurgia , Vértebras Lombares/cirurgia , Fusão Vertebral/instrumentação , Idoso , Análise Custo-Benefício , Descompressão Cirúrgica/economia , Descompressão Cirúrgica/métodos , Descompressão Cirúrgica/estatística & dados numéricos , Medicina Baseada em Evidências , Humanos , Claudicação Intermitente/etiologia , Deslocamento do Disco Intervertebral/complicações , Deslocamento do Disco Intervertebral/cirurgia , Dor Lombar/tratamento farmacológico , Dor Lombar/etiologia , Marketing de Serviços de Saúde/ética , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Minimamente Invasivos/economia , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Minimamente Invasivos/estatística & dados numéricos , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Sociedades Médicas , Fusão Vertebral/economia , Fusão Vertebral/métodos , Fusão Vertebral/estatística & dados numéricos , Estenose Espinal/complicações , Estenose Espinal/cirurgia , Resultado do Tratamento
12.
Neurocir. - Soc. Luso-Esp. Neurocir ; 18(5): 406-413, sept.-oct. 2007.
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-70331

RESUMO

La investigación y desarrollo de nuevas técnicas instrumentadas de la columna vertebral no escapa a los conflictos de interés. La influencia de las fuerzas financieras en el desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías y su inmediata aplicación en la cirugía de la columna demuestran la relación entre los resultados publicados y el soporte de la industria. Incluso autores que han defendido abiertamente las técnicas de fusión vertebral han demostrado su enorme (millones de dólares) implicación a la hora de influir en las normas de revisión y aprobación de nuevos sistemas de cirugía de columna. Las publicaciones científicas y revisiones que han seguido los principios de la "medicina basada en la evidencia", cuando analizan los resultados de la cirugía de la hernia discal, observan cómo todavía no existe ningún trabajo científico correctamente realizado que compare la cirugía y el tratamiento conservador sin ningún tipo de sesgo científico en la recogida de datos. A la hora de analizar los resultados de la cirugía de la columna, debemos valorar lo que se denomina en los medios económicos de la bolsa americana la "burbuja de la cirugía de columna". La literatura científica no muestra evidencias claras en los estudios costo-beneficio de muchas técnicas de cirugía instrumentada de la columna sobre el tratamiento conservador. No se ha demostrado que la cirugía de fusión vertebral y el reemplazo del disco intervertebral sea mejor que el tratamiento conservador. Como vemos, "existen relaciones entre la industria y el dolor lumbar" y "existe una industria del dolor lumbar". No obstante, "el mercado de la cirugía de la columna" sigue aumentando, ya que los pacientes siguen demandando soluciones para resolver su dolor lumbar. La marea de la evidencia científica parece que va en contra de la fusión vertebral en la enfermedad discal degenerativa, el dolor discogénico y el dolor lumbar inespecífico. Después de dos décadas de avances tecnológicos en este campo, el resultado de las fusiones vertebrales es mediocre. Estudios epidemiológicos recientes muestran que la " fusión vertebral" debe aceptarse como "un método no probado o experimental para el tratamiento del dolor lumbar crónico". La literatura quirúrgica sobre la fusión vertebral en los últimos 20 años según revisiones Cochrane establece que : 1- ésta es incompleta, no fiable y descuidada; 2- la instrumentación parece que aumenta ligeramente la tasa de fusión; 3- la instrumentación no mejora los resultados clínicos en general, careciéndose de estudios particulares de subgrupos de pacientes. Se precisan estudios aleatorios que comparen los resultados quirúrgicos con la historia natural, el placebo o el tratamiento conservador. Las Guías Europeas para el manejo del dolor crónico lumbar muestran como existe una "fuerte evidencia" que indica que la cirugía compleja y demandante de la columna vertebral lumbar en la que se emplean diferentes formas de instrumentación, no es más efectiva que una simple, más segura y más barata fusión posterolateral sin instrumentación. Actualmente se observa una tendencia hacia la utilización de "técnicas mínimamente invasivas", abandonando las fusiones transpediculares, indicando claramente que debe aplicarse correctamente el conocimiento basado en la evidencia científica acumulado a lo largo de por lo menos, 20 años. Todo ella nos permite recomendar el "abandono de la senda instrumentista" en gran cantidad de indicaciones actuales, y buscar otros caminos en el campo del tratamiento conservador y rehabilitador correctamente aplicados, utilizando antes de la cirugía descompresiva y de fusión vertebral todos los recursos intervencionistas y mínimamente invasivos que actualmente ofrece el tratamiento moderno del dolor lumbar crónico


Investigation and development of new techniques for intrumented surgery of the spine is not free of conflicts of interest. The influence of financial forces in the development of new technologies an its imediately application to spine surgery, shows the relationship between the published results and the industry support. Even authors who have defend eagerly fusion techniques, it have been demostrated that them are very much involved in the revisión of new articles to be published and in the approval process of new spinal tecnologies. When we analize the published results of spine surgery, we must bear in mind what have been call in the "American Stock and Exchange" as "the bubble of spine surgery". The scientific literature doesn't show clear evidence in the cost-benefict studies of most instrumented surgical interventions of the spine compare with the conservative treatments. It has not been yet demostrated that fusion surgery and disc replacement are better options than the conservative treatment. It's necessary to pointout that at present "there are relationships between the industry and back pain, and there is also an industry of the back pain". Nonetheless, the "market of the spine surgery" is growing up because patients are demanding solutions for their back problems. The tide of scientifice vidence seams to go against the spinal fusions in the degenerative disc disease, discogenic pain and in especific back pain. After decades of advances in this field, the results of spinal fusions are mediocre. New epidemiological studies show that "spinal fusion must be accepted as a non proved or experimental method for the treatment of back pain". The surgical literature on spinal fusion published in the last 20 years following the Cochrane's method stablish that: 1- this is at least incomplete, not realiable and careless; 2- the instrumentation seems to sligtly increase the fusion rate ; 3- the instrumentation doesn't improve the clinical results in general, lacking studies in subgroups of patients. We still are needing randomized studies to compare the surgical results with the natural history of the disease, the placebo effect, or the conservative treatment. The European Guidelines for lumbar chronic pain management show a "strong evidence" indicating that complex and demanding spine surgery where different instrumentation is used, is not more effective than a simple, safer and cheaper poster o lateral fusion without instrumentation. Recently, the literature published in this field is sending a message to use "minimally invasive techniques", abandon transpedicular fusions and clearly indicating that we must apply the knowledge accumulated at least a long the last 20 years based on the scientific evidence. In conclussion, based in recent information, we muster comend the "abandon of the instrumented pathway" in a great number of present indications for degenerative spine surgery, and look for new strategies in the field of rehabilitation and conservative treatments correctly apply, using before the de compressive and instrumented surgery all the interventional and minimally invasive techniques that are presently offer in the field of modem lumbar chronic pain treatment


Assuntos
Humanos , Idoso , Fixadores Internos , Dor Lombar/cirurgia , Vértebras Lombares/cirurgia , Fusão Vertebral , Estenose Espinal/cirurgia , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Minimamente Invasivos , Resultado do Tratamento , Marketing de Serviços de Saúde , Sociedades Médicas , Deslocamento do Disco Intervertebral/cirurgia , Análise Custo-Benefício , Descompressão Cirúrgica , Medicina Baseada em Evidências , Claudicação Intermitente/etiologia
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